William Edward Ayrton
William Edward Ayrton | |
|---|---|
.jpg) William Edward Ayrton | |
| Born | 14 September 1847 London, England |
| Died | 8 November 1908 (aged 61) London, England |
| Citizenship | British |
| Known for | Ayrton shunt Ayrton–Perry winding |
| Spouses | |
| Awards | Fellow of the Royal Society Royal Medal (1901) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | physics, electrical engineering |
| Academic advisors | The Lord Kelvin |
William Edward Ayrton, FRS (14 September 1847 – 8 November 1908) was an English physicist and electrical engineer.
Life
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2022) |
Early life and education
[edit]Ayrton was born in London, the son of Edward Nugent Ayrton, a barrister, and educated at University College School and University College, London. He later studied under Lord Kelvin at Glasgow.
India (1868–1872)
[edit]In 1868, Ayrton went to Bengal in the service of the Indian Government Telegraph department, where he invented a method of detecting faults in lines, which was of great benefit in the maintenance of the overland communications network.Returning to England, Ayrton married Matilda Chaplin.
Japan (1873–1879)
[edit]In 1873, Ayrton accepted an invitation from the Japanese government as Chair of Natural Philosophy and Telegraphy at the new Imperial College of Engineering, Tokyo. He advised the college's architect on the design of the laboratory and demonstration rooms, and is credited with introducing the electric arc light to Japan in 1878.[1]
Sierra Leone (1880)
[edit]Ayrton worked for several months in Freetown, Sierra Leone before returning to London. He worked in an advisory role with respects to engineering in the colony.[1]
London
[edit]On his return to London, Ayrton became professor of applied physics at the Finsbury College of the City and Guilds of London Technical Institute, and, in 1884, he was chosen professor of electrical engineering, or of applied physics,[2] at the Central Technical College, South Kensington. He published, both alone and jointly with others, a large number of papers on physical, and in particular electrical, subjects, and his name was especially associated, together with that of Professor John Perry, with the invention of a long series of electrical measuring instruments,[3] including the spiral-spring ammeter, and the wattmeter. They also worked on railway electrification, produced a dynamometer and the first electric tricycle. Ayrton is also known for his work on the electric searchlight.
Ayrton died in London in 1908 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.
Family
[edit]In 1872, Ayrton married his cousin, Matilda Chaplin (1846–1883), one of the Edinburgh Seven, the first group of matriculated undergraduate female students at any British university who fought for open medical education for women. The marriage took place while Ayrton was on home leave from India and Matilda was involved in the Edinburgh Seven campaign. Chaplin was awarded a posthumous honorary MBChB by the University of Edinburgh in 2019.[4]
Chaplin and Ayrton's daughter was the feminist and author Edith Ayrton, wife of Israel Zangwill and mother of Oliver Zangwill.[2]
Ayrton married his second wife, Phoebe Sarah Marks, in 1885. She assisted him in his research and became known (as Hertha Ayrton) for her own scientific work on the electric arc and other subjects.[3] In 1899, Ayrton supported Hertha on her way to being elected the first woman member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the Royal Society awarded her a Hughes Medal in 1906. Their daughter Barbara Ayrton-Gould became a Labour MP; grandson Michael Ayrton was an artist and sculptor.
Hertha and William Ayrton acted as guardians for artist and suffragette Ernestine Mills after the death of Mills' mother Emily "Mynie" Ernest Bell in 1893. (Her father, writer Thomas Evans Bell had died in 1887).[5][6]
Honours and awards
[edit]He was elected president in 1892 of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1881 and awarded their Royal Medal in 1901.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Campbell, Allen; Nobel, David S (1993). Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha. p. 88. ISBN 406205938X.
- ^ a b Nyenhuis, Jacob E. (2003). "notes". Myth and the creative process: Michael Ayrton and the myth of Daedalus, the maze maker. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-8143-3002-9.
- ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ayrton, William Edward". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 76.
- ^ Drysdale, Neil (6 July 2019). "UK's first female students posthumously awarded their medical degrees in Edinburgh". Press and Journal. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2 September 2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-43401-4.
- ^ "Humanist Heritage: Ernestine Mills (1871-1959)". Humanist Heritage. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
References
[edit]- Graham Gooday's entry in the New Dictionary of National Biography published in September 2004.
- Cortazzi, Hugh (2002). Britain and Japan, Biographical Portraits, Volume IV. Japan Library. ISBN 1-903350-14-X.
- Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (1994). The Technological Transformation of Japan: From the Seventeenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42492-5.
| International | |
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| National | |
| Academics | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- 1847 births
- 1908 deaths
- Scientists from London
- Alumni of University College London
- English expatriates in Japan
- English physicists
- Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
- Foreign educators in Japan
- Burials at Brompton Cemetery
- English inventors
- Fellows of the Royal Society
- People educated at University College School
- Royal Medal winners
- Alumni of the University of Glasgow
- Presidents of the Physical Society
- English electrical engineers
- 19th-century British physicists
- 20th-century British physicists
- 19th-century English engineers
- 20th-century British engineers
- 19th-century English scientists
- 20th-century English scientists
- Ayrton family